John Dalton :: Essays Papers

John Dallton John Dalton was conceived in September 5,1766 in Eaglesfield in Cumberland, England. Dalton and his family lived in a little nation house. His family had been Quakers since 1690. Quakers where individuals from a general public of companions. John had a sibling named Mary and A sibling named Charles, when he was brought into the world his sibling was twelve years of age and his sister was two years of age. Dalton's introduction to the world was not recorded, so when he grew up more established he solicited one from his family members and got and answer which was his birthday. His folks were straightforward individuals and great specialists. His father Joseph had land he had acquired were Dalton and his sibling Charles help out with the harvest. His mom Deborah Greenup natively constructed material Dalton's sister help her as well. John Dalton's family were poor yet despite the fact that they were never ravenous they were poor Dalton was fortunate he was a Quaker , different young men got practically zero training, yet as Quakers Dalton got reasonable instruction at the nearest Quaker school . For Dalton it was an accomplishment going to class since in those occasions just one out of 200 and fifteen individuals could peruse. John Dalton went to the Quaker school at Pardshow Hall. Dalton was brisk when it came to considers and in numerical issues he was acceptable and appear to be vigorous of them. John Fletcher was Dalton's instructor, he was a keen man who didn't utilize a pole to pound in figuring out how to Dalton, he was to furnish Dalton with a phenomenal back-round and long lasting mission for information. At that point came Elihu Robinson a rich Quaker men of their word. who become Dalton's tutor, and was someone else to lead Dalton to arithmetic , science, and uncommonly meteorology. John Dalton had an extreme interest for meteorology he even in reality kept cautious day by day climate records for forty six straight years. At the point when Dalton was twelve he opened his school in Eaglesfield. He was littler than certain young men so he was compromised by the more seasoned young men who needed to battle with the youthful educator. He figured out how to control the children for a long time, however in the end because of poor pay Dalton come back to work the land for his rich uncle. In 1785 Dalton and his sibling opened another school this time at Kendall where Dalton had as of late moved in. The school offered English, Latin, Greek, French, alongside twenty one arithmetic and science subjects.

Do Colleges Average Your ACT Score

Do Colleges Average Your ACT Score SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Like most understudies who take the ACT, you may have stepped through the examination more than once or are contemplating taking it on different occasions. In what manner will schools take a gander at your numerous grades? Will they take a gander at all your scores? Simply your most noteworthy score? Will they normal your scores and utilize that number?Standardized test scores are a significant piece of applying to school, however it’s not in every case clear how universities will decide your ACT scores if you’ve stepped through the examination more than once. Will universities normal your ACT scores in the event that you step through the examination on numerous occasions? To put it plainly, no.Colleges don’t take the normal of your scores. Rather, they will take a gander at your â€Å"best† score;however, there are various ways a school can decide your best ACT score.In this article, I’ll go over the various strategies schools use to take a gander at different ACT scores, in the event that they expect you to send all your ACT scores, and how you can utilize this data to further your potential benefit and help fortify your school applications. Do You Need to Send Schools All Your ACT Scores? Before you begin thinking about what universities do with different ACT scores, the principal thing you have to know is whether they expect you to send the aftereffects of each ACT you took in any case. Infact, most schools do NOTrequire you to send in the entirety of your scores, and ACT, Inc. makes it simple to pick which scores you need to send with a choice alluded to asScore Choice. (Note that the expression Score Choice is in fact more connected with the SAT Score Choice program, however the ACT has a comparable arrangement for its own grade announcing.) Schools that expect you to send in the entirety of your ACT scores will be alluded to as All Scores schools. The two sorts of schools are talked about in more detail beneath. Score Choice ACT Score Choice gives you the alternative to send schools just the ACT scores you need them to see,rather than sending scores from each ACT you took. On the score report demand structure, you will be solicited to list your school from decision and the test date you need to send on each line. For schools that permit Score Choice, on the off chance that you did inadequately on one test date, you don’t need to send that score to schools, and they will never observe it. This implies on the off chance that you take the ACT sixtimes, you can decide to send just your best score, or your best two scores, or the same number of scores as you'd like. Know that ifyou are utilizing Score Choice and decide to send your scores from a particular test, you should send your scores for the whole test; you can't just send singular area scores to schools. All Scores A few schools, including certain profoundly specific schools like Yale and Stanford, requireyou to send all your ACT scores.This implies that you can't utilize Score Choice, and youmust send them the scoresofevery ACT you took, regardless of whether there was a specific test date when you didn’t score just as you typically do. Along these lines, on the off chance that you took the ACT multiple times, you have to send these schoolsyour results from every one of those six test dates. Look at our total rundown of the schools that expect you to send all your ACT scores. Just a few schools expect you to send all your ACT scores What Do Colleges Do If You Send Multiple ACT Scores? You may wind up sending a school more than one ACT score, either on the grounds that theyrequire it or on the grounds that you earnedmultiple solid scores and need schools to see them. So what do schools do in the event that they get more than one ACT score from you? There are a few choices, and each isexplained underneath. Most noteworthy Sitting Most schools, on the off chance that you send them more than one ACT score, will essentially utilize yourhighest ACT composite score from a solitary test date. Along these lines, in the event that you took the ACT multiple times and got composite scores of 28, 29, and 30, the school would utilize your composite and segment scores of the test date when you got a 30. Superscoring Another technique that a few schools use to decide your best score is called superscoring.When a school utilizes superscoring, that implies they consideryour most noteworthy segment scores over all the dates you took the ACT and join theminto a superscore. Take a gander at the model underneath to perceive how superscoring functions. English Math Perusing Science Composite Test 1 25 31 30 27 28 Test 2 27 29 32 28 29 Test 3 30 33 30 27 30 Superscore 30 33 32 28 31 This understudy took the ACT multiple times, and, as should be obvious, her composite superscore is higher than any of the composite ACT scores for singular test dates. This is on the grounds that superscoring consolidated every last bit of her most noteworthy segment scores from over the three tests. In the event that you take the ACT with Writing, that segment isalso remembered for superscoring. For schools that utilization superscoring, this understudy would be considered to have a composite ACT score of 31, and her area scores would be each of those recorded under the Superscore push. Superscoring benefits you since schools join your best scores from each area of the ACT into one superscore, regardless of whether those scores didn’t happen in the equivalent test.Wondering which universities use superscoring? We have a total rundown of schools that superscore the ACT. Will Schools Look at Your Other Scores? Whether or not a school utilizes superscoring or most elevated sitting, will they take a gander at your non-best ACT scores too? There's no obvious response to this inquiry since it differs for each school and regularly for every candidate; however,many times schools will take a gander at your other grades, regardless of whether your best score is the one they give the most weight to. This is especially valid for schools that require all scores sent. In these cases, your scores despite everything won't be found the middle value of, however schools mayreview every one of your scores and make derivations if there were any exceptions. For instance, on the off chance that you take the ACT multiple times and get composite scores of 32, 27, and 33, most schools will utilize 33 as your official ACT score, yet they may ask why you got a 27 for one test. One anomaly score will for the most part have a little, assuming any, sway on your application, however it's as yet critical to never pass over an ACT examjust on the grounds that you figure schools will just glance at your best score. As referenced above, schools that permit Score Choice just observe the scores you send them, so you can take the ACT a few times and just send your most noteworthy scorein request for that to be the main resultsthey see. The following areas give more suggestions on howyou can utilize school score arrangements toplan and improve your ACT readiness strategies. Would you be able to Take the ACT the same number of Times as You Want? Since most schools will useyour best ACT score, either by utilizing superscoring or most elevated sitting, does that mean you can accept the ACT the same number of times as you need so as to expand your odds of getting a high score? Not actually. You are permitted to take the ACT up to multiple times, and schools will proceed touse your best score from those tests, regardless of whether by utilizing superscoring or most noteworthy sitting.However, itisnot suggested that you really take the ACT multiple times. For the most part, you shouldn’t take the ACT more than five or multiple times. Taking the ACT beyond what multiple times can make schools think you don’t pay attention to the test or experience difficulty improving your scores. It can likewise becomevery distressing and time-consuming,not to make reference to very costly, in light of the fact that you need to continue paying to take the ACT and to send your scores to schools.Taking the ACT the same number of times as you can is especially an impractical notion on the off chance that one of yourschools requires All Scores sentbecause itincreases the possibility of you having an off-day and getting a lower than normal score, which those schools will see and which can hurt your odds of being conceded. Rather than accepting the ACT the same number of times as you can, you ought to rather take a gander at your test prep techniques and how successful they are. Is your considering focusing on and improving your feeble regions? Is it accurate to say that you are realizing what botches you make and how to dodge them? By investing time and energy into concentrating viably, you will have the option to arrive at your objective ACT score more effectively than just taking the ACT over and over.In general, we suggest taking the ACT two-three times to get your best score, whether or not the schools you’re applying to utilize superscoring or most noteworthy sitting to decide your best score. Don't simply accept the ACT the same number of times as you can; it can hurt your school applications. How Might You Use Score Policies to Improve Your ACT Prep? In the event that you realize which schools you need to concern, you can take a gander at their score strategies and use them to help control your test-taking methodology. On the off chance that the schools you’re applying to utilize superscoring, at that point you can expand your superscore by reading for and increasing a solid score in one ACT area at a time.For a more top to bottom clarification of this technique, look at our guide on how superscoring can influence your test methodology. In the event that a school utilizes most noteworthy sitting, at that point you should keep on concentrating each area of the ACT so as to amplify your composite score. For schools that require All Scores sent, you will need to ensure you are decidedly ready each time you take the ACT. Those schools will see the entirety of your test scores, so you don’t need one awful test day to hurt your school applications. You will likewise need to continue reading for each area of the ACT, regardless of whether you are just attempting to improve your score in one explicit segment. You don't need scores from your different segments to drop on a retake. Regardless of whether the schools you’re applying to permit superscoring orScore Choice, you ought to consistently take the ACT seriously.As referenced over, an extremely low score canbe a warning to schools, and it’s additionally only a misuse of your time and cash. End Most understudies take the ACT multipl

How to Write a Great Research Paper

How to Write a Great Research PaperMany students these days have a hard time writing a research paper. They struggle with grammar and they struggle with how to write a great research paper.It is not easy to write a research paper. You need to have great writing skills, but that is not all you need. If you want to write a great research paper, the tips below should help you write a great research paper.Start off by outlining your topic before you start writing your paper. What is your topic? Make sure that it is an important topic that you will be using your paper for. An example of a good topic is a history class or even a class on anything related to science. Your topic can range from something like 'The Black Plague of Europe', to 'A class about understanding human behavior', to something completely different.Write about what your writing. If you know how to write a research paper, that means you know how to write a research paper. Some people believe that when you know how to writ e a research paper, you also know how to write research papers. I think that you only write research papers if you already know how to write a research paper.I am going to talk about writing a great research paper now. It is about writing a research paper that gets people reading your paper. You need to be able to stand out from all the other research papers that are available in the library or anywhere else. There are so many of them out there.The most important thing that you can do is research. If you don't know the type of papers that other people have done, then you need to do a search online to find out which types of papers other people have written. This way, you will be able to narrow down the papers that you are looking at and know exactly what types of papers you should be writing.I will talk about another tip to help you learn how to write a research paper. Go over the different types of writing styles. There are two main types of writing style, descriptive and persuasiv e. Which one do you want to use? If you want to be descriptive, then you are going to be writing about stuff like historical events.If you want to be persuasive, then you are going to be writing about personal things. So do some research on the topics that you want to write about. Then you will know how to write a great research paper!

Vendor Managed Inventory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3788 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is a planning and management system in which vendor is fully responsible for the replenishment of inventory based on timely point of sale information to the buyers (retailer) place. This concept helps increases the customer responsiveness by reducing the supply and demand gap thus giving the satisfaction to end customer by increasing availability of the desired product when customer wants it. Supply chain partners must share their vision of demand, requirement and constraint to set the common objectives (Guillaume et al; 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vendor Managed Inventory" essay for you Create order Quality of buyer supplier trust and relationship, quality of ICT system and intensity of information sharing has positive impact on VMI implementation (Marloes et al; 2008). Information technology combined with VMI offers a clear view of inventory holding location giving supplier better information for replenishment planning (Malla et al; 2007). Before implementation of VMI, analysis of the level of uncertainty of customer demand is needed as high uncertainty in demand negatively influences the performance attained through VMI (Kazim Sari 2007). Upstream data transferred to suppliers i.e. current inventory level and accurate sales forecast is the most important factor for the successful implementation of VMI (Astrid Vigtil, 2007). Benefits of VMI implementation depend on circumstantial factors surrounding the implementation and dyadic intentions (Jongkyung et al; 2009). Implementing VMI is not solo effort it can be beneficial if company wide effort is involved (George kuk, 2004). VMI supply chain has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on cost and transportation demand (S.M. Disney et al; 2003). VMI gives benefits to retailer as manufacturer stock more to reduce risk of stock out which in turn reduces retailer holding and shortage cost and increases its profit (Brendra k et al; 2004). No previous studies have ever offered to measure the implementation of VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan. This paper is an effort to resolve that gap existed in previous literature. Implementation of VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan is a major challenge for the FMCG companies and the retailers both. Maintaining of high quality error-free service in the dynamic and uncertain environment of Pakistan with lack of ICT infrastructure (information and communication technology) is a huge pressure. Due to heterogeneous customer base complete VMI implementation in this scenario is not possible so FMCG companies need to carry out its operation in both the way i.e . for the both VMI and non VMI customers. For flexible and fast communication between FMCG producers and retail chains proper ICT infrastructure is mandatory. So companies need to invest web-based information transfer systems like EDI (electronic data interchange). Adoption of VMI is not an easy task for companies as it requires heavy investment and commitment of retailers that how much they are willing to share POS information. Before full and final implementation of VMI companies must need to find out the necessary factors as the clear and fault free implementation will have a great influence on future business performance outcomes. Objective of this paper is to find out the suppliers/manufacturer perceived objectives, drivers, obstacles, performance outcomes for implementing Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) in FMCG sector of Pakistan. Organizational objectives = Lead-time reduction, improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvement in customer service, improvement in profit ma rgin, improvement in rate of return, increase sales, control of bullwhip effect. Strategic drivers = Competition, shorter product life cycle, global supply chain, corporate restructuring. Obstacles = Ineffective organizational structure, lack of suitable it infrastructure, improper decision-support tool, lack of trust and mutual understanding between supply chain partners, internal/external integration. Performance outcomes = Effective production planning, effective forecasting, effective replenishment, effective inventory control and management, effetient logistics and distribution management. This paper is organized in sections. Section 1 offers the introduction; section 2 presents the literature review on previous research practices on VMI; section 3 is comprised of methodology: section 4 consist of data analysis and section 5 draws the conclusion and policy making regarding the findings. LITERATURE REVIEW Jan Holmstrom (1998) studied a single case study to analyze the benefits of implementation of SAP R/3 in VMI between vendor and its wholesaler. It is found that administrative cost for vendor product is reduced with reduced delivery cost which in turn gives benefit to end customer through low prices. It is also found that demand variability, inventory level and order per delivery lead time also greatly reduces which give competitive advantage to both vendor and whole seller. It is suggested that full benefit can be attained if vendor extends its number of customers. Sila cetinkaya et al (2000) studied the inventory replenishment and shipment decision in VMI through analytical model. Manufacturer with random demand patterns and retailers dispersed in different geographical areas are taken into account. Manufacturer has the freedom of holding small sized orders and dispatches it until the consolidation volume gathers. It is found that inventory costs are reduced if the inventory a nd shipments decision optimally coordinated. Susan cohen kulp (2002) studied the impact of internal information (sales and inventory) accuracy and its reliability on supply chain profits in vendor managed inventory. Theoretical models of two system traditional and VMI are analyzed which indicates that the accurate information helps manufacturer to forecast the consumer demand accurately which increases manufacturer and retailer over all profits. Hypothesis was tested through survey of 53 divisions of manufacturers in the FCPG industry. Result shows that use of VMI increases with the detail and reliability of retailers internal information and wholesale prices are lowered with the extent of VMI use. It is suggested that VMI will lead to higher supply chain profits if retailer and manufacturer both are willing to share accurate information and use this information in taking inventory management decisions. Terrance et al (2003) identified the distinction between supplier managed inventory (SMI) vendor managed inventory (VMI) through theoretical framework. Economic value analysis (EVA) is used to determine the non financial benefits and burdens of VMI and SMI implementation and effect of VMI and SMI on enhancement of share holder value.it is suggested that EVA analysis will help manager to identify the opportunities to increase the share holder value across both firms. S.M. Disney et al (2003) studied the effect of VMI strategies on transport operation and order batching activities. Three different scenarios traditional, internal consolidation and VMI are modeled through system dynamics methodology and tested through simulation. It was found that VMI supply chain has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on cost and transportation demand. Transportation cost saving in VMI is possible for long term and short term and this saving is not effected by escapable and inescapable cost. This paper may help in developing the policy regar ding VMI and supply chain (distribution, production scheduling etc.). S.M. Disney et al (2003) investigated the comparison between VMI and traditional seriously linked supply chain in producing bullwhip effect. Different equations are developed and simulation model testing was applied. Four variables as a source of bullwhip; price variations, rationing and gaming, demand signal processing, and order batching, were tested in traditional and VMI supply chain scenarios. It was found that through VMI supply chain all the variables can be avoided through well designed system. Demand signal processing and order batching can only be eliminated through inventory holding in traditional supply chain. For future it is suggested that VMI would be of greater benefit if the supplier uses inventory and sales information in making production and inventory management decision process. Johanna et al (2003) studied the greater demand visibility impacts on manufacturer production and inventory ma nagement and how it modifies the operational efficiency. Discrete event simulation is chosen as approach to study manufacturer of FMCG serving three distributors which serve several retail outlets. From result it is shown that greater demand visibility has positive impact on operational efficiency which greatly depends on product with shorter production planning cycle and low replenishment frequency. This research was limited to products with stable demand so it is suggested to do more research on products with variable demand. Jonah tyan and hui-ming wee (2003) studied the retailer and manufacturer partnership in the implementation of vendor managed inventory (VMI) system in the Taiwanese grocery industry. Case study analysis between PG a manufacturer of FMCG and Wellcome supermarket chains stores was selected. It was found that through VMI supply chain inventory level of retailer declined and service level of manufacturer distribution center improved. It is suggested that VMI w ould be effective to shorten the process of replenishment and give competiveness and opportunity to grow to both supply chain partners. Integration of online e grocery in VMI business model will be increasing its benefits. George kuk (2004) investigated the determinants and outcomes of VMI in electronic industry through survey of 94 employees of 25 companies who fully implemented VMI. Four hypotheses were created having 3 independent variables: organization size, number of employees involved in VMI and type of logistic integration, 3 dependent variables: information quality enhancement, service quality improvement and cost reduction. Through ANOVA testing it is analyzed that large level of employee involvement, small size of organization and integrated logistics achieves more benefits of VMI. It is suggested that implementing VMI is not solo effort it can be beneficial if company wide effort is involved. Brendra k et al (2004) investigated how the substitution brand competitio n gives benefit to retailer in VMI. Two level supply chain is taking having one retailer and 2 manufacturer of competing substitutable brand and through analysis of mathematical model it is found that VMI gives benefits to retailer as compare to non VMI as due to increase competition manufacturer stock more to reduce risk of stock out which in turn reduces retailer holding and shortage cost and increases its profit. For future research it is suggested to include inter retailer intra brand substitution competition. Pamela danese (2006) identified the way to use extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) both upstream and downstream amongst various supply chain partners to organize the information and material flows. Case study analysis approach is used taking supply chain network of leading pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Through collected data it is shown that Information flows among the supply network members, information systems and performance monitoring system are some of the requisite of extended VMI. In GSK Information flow is achieved by EDI system which enhanced the service level, production capacity, and the inventory management. Central information system helps in production planning and order cycle processes in up stream and downstream supply network. Performance monitoring system motivates and improves the performance and allows supply chain members to over come their reluctances to share information. It is suggested that collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) should be taken into consider future research on extended VMI. Yuliang Yao et al (2007) explored how supply chain parameters affect the cost saving in VMI and sharing of this benefit between buyer and supplier. Two level supply chain having single supplier and single buyer modeled. Through analysis of model it is found that inventory cost reduction greatly depend on ratio of order cost of supplier to buyer and ratio of carrying cost of supplier to buyer. Buyer takes all the benefits of inventory reduction whereas supplier inventory level may increased which may lead to high logistic cost to supplier side. So its suggested to have side payment arrangement between buyer and supplier to get VMI worked in long run. Malla et al (2007) investigated the impact of VMI model on organizations inventory associated cost. Case study of market leader of tyre manufacturer has taken which has which has largest distribution network across India, USA and UK. Through simulation of model it is found that integration of information technology provide a clear picture of inventory holding locations which helps supplier in planning and replenishment of inventory across supply chain, which reduces bullwhip effect, safety stock and W.I.P and improves customer service. Some of the limitations of this model are high initial investment cost and lack of integration of systems. Astrid Vigtil (2007) investigated the required information exchange in VMI with the support of five buyer-supplier pair in Norwegian geographic. Semi-structured detailed interviews were conducted with the representative of different companies having logistic managerial position or similar. It was concluded through interviews that flow of upstream data is more critical rather than downs-stream data. Visibility of current inventory status and sales forecast are most important factor for suppliers and there is different kind of information needed depends upon operational mode of buyer in make to stock and make to order. In future it is implicated that for the higher efficiency of VMI electronic integration and automatic data transfer should be priorities as it supports supplier in planning of replenishment. Kim et al (2006) explored the major factors for success of vendor managed inventory (VMI) in oligopolistic New Zealand food industries. A thorough investigation of case studies and literature review concerning from other industries and countries revealed se ven industry-level factors unified into a step-wise framework essential for successful VMI and strategic supply chain relationships. These factors are: identifying industry structure; evaluate rivalry within industry, determination of buyers power, industry profitability, improved long-term relationships, investment in supply chain technology and adoption of supply chain best practices. It is suggested that these framework will help to supply chain partners who wish to increase profitability through VMI but these conclusions are needed to be revised before applying to other less concentrated industries. .Kazim Sari (2007) examined the benefits of VMI in achieving the increased performance through different levels of outside supply capacity, demand uncertainty, and lead time. Data were collected through simulation model; Crystal Ball, an MS Excel add-in. After retrieving data statistical test MANOVA is applied and it was concluded that high uncertainty in customers demand has nega tive influence on the VMI performance. There is also a direct relationship between the manufacturing capacity of outside supplier and performance of VMI. As long as the ratio between retailer and supplier lead times remains constant the performance level of VMI remain unchanged. For future implication it is recommended that before taking any decision relating VMI implementation it is necessary to conduct cost-benefit analysis if upstream information sharing is poor or customer demand is highly uncertain. Mikael Stahl Elvander et al (2007) proposed the structure for the numerous setups that could be arranged while establishing a VMI system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from 15 company of Switzerland. Six framework were prepared and tested against the focus group consisted of representative of nine different companies including suppliers and customers who already had implemented VMI, in workshop. Through workshop it was deduce that there are a number of different ways in which VMI system can be configured, that will limit a suppliers likelihood to employ the information made accessible through VMI. It is suggested that the challenges related to operation and management may differ in different VMI system configuration. This should be taken into consideration in order to find best optimal VMI system configuration. Atul B. Borade Satish V. Bansod (2008) studied motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits of VMI practices in e-environment. Key variables were compared between small and large Indian industry questionnaires were filled by 112 large companies and 86 small companies and hypothesis was tested through independent sample t-test. It was resulted that motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was found that the major objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Driver for SMEs is competition and for large companie s it is global supply chain. Obstacle in implementing VMI for SMEs is lack of IT infrastructure and for large companies is lack of trust between supply chain partners. Objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Benefits gain for SMEs is better forecasting and for large companies is improved logistic and distribution management. It is suggested that IT can gives companies advantages to maximize end consumer value and reduce operating expense as it gives the real time information of marketing conditions. Guillaume Marques et al (2008) examined the integrated view of the VMI. Outside the short term pull system inventory replenishment, partners have to share their demand forecast, requirements and their limitations to fix middle/long term common objectives. In order to conduct the study 28 articles were review and it was concluded that there was no doubt about the real application of VMI in industry. What clearly is VMI and how can it be correctly implement in supply chain is not clear. It cannot be justify whether VMI is a model, a process, a strategy, a relationship, a link. Juhwen et al (2008) studied the supplier performance enhancement in term of total relevant cost/unit. Three different models were proposed for single supplier with heterogeneous retailers, one is uncooperative model with independent inventory management system, second model was VMI model in which supplier is responsible for inventory replenishment order cost and certain degree of holding cost and third model was VMI/CRE model, in which VMI is combined with CRE (common replenishment epochs) strategy. Data was analyzed through Algorithm and numerical experimental design and it was concluded that VMI and VMI/CRE results are significant for supplier performance as compared with uncooperative model. For the future implication it is suggested that the supplier are required to provide incentives such as price discounts to compensate the loss es which are bear by retailers so that aligning ordering schedules with CRE. Marloes J. T. Claassen et al (2008) studied the perspective of buyer in term of benefit gained through VMI. Research model was formulated having four key variables; quality of ICT system, quality of information, intensity of information sharing and relationship quality. Sample of 64 Dutch buyer responded through email and model was tested through Partial Least Square (PLS) technique. It was resulted that the quality of the buyer-supplier relation, quality of IT-system and intensity of service level has an impact on buyer-perceived VMI benefits and it is not impacted by actual quality of the information shared. Furthermore three outcomes of VMI performance are higher customer service level, efficient control over supply chain and cost reduction to some extent. It is proposed that the primary benefit of VMI implementation is not cost reduction; it is high customer service level and supply chain control whi ch can be obtained through better relationship with supplier and efficient IT infrastructure. Peter Southard and Scott Swensethy (2008) investigated the cost advantage gain from technology enabled vendor managed inventory. Actual data was taken from two Agricultural cooperatives farm fuel delivery systems of Nebraska due to its variable demand patterns and competitive environment. Inventory costs, delivery costs and stock outs were measured as performance outcome. It was resulted that technology enabled vendor managed inventory reduced costs and improved customer service levels. It is suggested that use of technology enabled vendor managed inventory can deals with many logistics problems. Jouni Kauremaa et al (2009) found out the types of benefits of VMI program and its sharing at the five levels (supplier vs. buyer). An exploratory multiple case study research methodology was used. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interview from five op erational levels. It is concluded that for buyer and supplier, VMI can lead to strategic and operational benefit both which is depending on pair intentions and contextual factors surrounding the given application. It is suggested that with the help of contextual factors VMI system can be designed with more accurate and perfect implementation targets. Kari Tanskanen et al (2009) investigated the challenges faced by the construction industry at corporate level to manage logistics and to evaluate VMI as a solution of logistics for small items. Three residential house construction companies were elected located in Helsinki, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through web cameras observations and interviews. Percentage analysis was applied on quantitative data and on the bases of outcomes it was concluded that VMI is a suitable solution for small item logistics for the construction companies. For future it is implicated to work on other industries located in different geo graphical location. Jongkyung Park et al (2009) investigated a framework for integrative SRM (supplier relation ship management) system by exploring broad approaches to overall SRM functions. Frame work includes five stages: Setting up of purchasing strategies, Selection of a supplier, Cooperation, supplier valuation and enhancement and endowment of continuous improvement. For this past studies related to SRM were examined and a framework for an integrative SRM system was recommended through which a case study was performed constructed on the systematic hierarchy procedure with a field survey. Results shows that the benefits of SRM can be obtained through the suggested framework and it is applicable to real fields through application case. It is recommended that this framework will help purchasing manager to analyze strategic features of SRM before and during the SRM system operation. Francesco Zammori et al (2009) identified the standard configuration of a vendor managed inve ntory (VMI) contract which will be a building block for the initial explanation of the agreement. For this study an Italian plant was selected as an ideal candidate because of complexity of its manufacturing process and the data in the form of the information flow and the technical specifics which are critical before any operational setup are recognized and discussed and formed as parameters for the explanation of the elementary frame of the agreement. It is revealed that VMI agreement should be organized into segments by having generic and legal sides and official aspects included in the annexes. This will increases the flexibility of agreement As VMI relationship progresses with the time.it is proposed that this flexible structure of VMI agreement can be easily implemented by several industrial fields. Atul et al (2010) studied the difference in the practices of VMI in small and large Indian industry. Key variables were objective, drivers, obstacles and impact of VMI in large a nd small Indian industries, questionnaires were filled by 98 large companies and 63 small companies and hypothesis was tested through independent sample t-test. It was resulted that objectives, strategic drivers, obstacles and affected operational areas are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was also found that the major objectives for adopting VMI are customer service and profit improvement. For future it is recommended that the research should be perform on more variables and for other geographical (culture) areas. METHODOLOGY Aim of this paper is to find out the suppliers/manufacturer perceived objectives, drivers, obstacles, performance outcomes for implementing Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) in FMCG sector of Pakistan. Data were collected through primary source and research approach is to be mixed of qualitative and quantitative as the aim of this paper is to explore the supplier perception and opinion about implementation of VMI in FMCG companies operating in Pakistan and this opinion is converted into quantitative terms through five point likert scales. Existing literature was used to design the structured survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed on a five-point interval scale.

Comparative Analysis Of Fair Value And Historical Cost...

Title: Comparative Analysis Of Fair Value And Historical Cost Accounting On Reported Profit: A Study Of Selected Manufacturing Companies In Nigeria. (BESSONG, 2012) Study the importance of historical value and fair value cost accounting on reported profit. The study discussed how fair value accounting and historical cost accounting will have effect on the reported profit. However it is said that key objective of any business is to earn profit and it is also equally important to report the profit. Especially it is more important to record profit carefully during inflationary period. However they have study the reported profit and effects of fair and historical value by collecting data from both primary and secondary source. Therefore it is found that historical and fair value both is equally important and both have significant effect on the reported profit. Therefore operating profit of the company is influenced by the amount that is paid for taxes, dividend and depreciation. Therefore accounting methods are very much important in measuring the profit of the company and company must prepare their finical report by using the fair value and historical cost method simultaneously. However, true financial position of the company or business can be easily calculated by using the accounting methods that are more reliable and accurate. Therefore companies must use both historical and fairly value method to know the actual financial position of the company. However accountingShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The Co Operative Bank2647 Words   |  11 Pagesbetween Historical Cost and Fair Value with Impairment X Reference X â€Æ' Part 1 Impairment Review for Tin Plc (a) Tin Plc cash generating unit and impairment loss on the 31 December 2013. Notice: CGU=cash generating unit; VIU=value in use; Net selling price ( £Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000) =3,250,000-250,000=3,000,000 Carrying value ( £Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000) =4,000,000-440,000=3,560,000 (b) Allocation of the impairment loss between the relevant components of the net assets of Tin Plc. Calculation of impairment and revised values ( £Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000):Read MoreDifference Entre Ifrs Us Gaap Swiss Gaap Fer6026 Words   |  25 Pagescommonly found in practice. When applying the individual accounting frameworks, readers should consult all the relevant accounting standards and, where applicable, their national law. Listed companies should also follow relevant securities regulations. IFRS and US GAAP are globally acknowledged accounting standards for which a broad range of theoretical background, interpretations and literature is available. Swiss GAAP FER focuses on accounting for small and medium sized organisations and groups basedRead MoreSimilarities and Differences. a Comparison of Ifrs and Us Gaap33264 Words   |  134 PagesIFRS technical publications IFRS Manual of Accounting 2008 Provides expert practical guidance on how groups should prepare their consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. Comprehensive publication including hundreds of worked examples, extracts from company reports and model financial statements. IFRS News Monthly newsletter focusing on the business implications of the IASBs proposals and new standards. Acquisitions – Accounting and transparency under IFRS 3 Assesses the impactRead MoreAnswers To Assignment 2 1 2996 Words   |  12 Pagesquestions. (a)  Ã‚   What type of income statement format does PG use? Indicate why this format might be used to present income statement information. (b)  Ã‚   What are PGs primary revenue sources? (c)  Ã‚   Compute PGs gross profit for each of the years 2009-2011. Explain why gross profit decreased in 2011. (d)  Ã‚   Why does PG make a distinction between operating and nonoperating revenue? (e)  Ã‚   What financial ratios did PG choose to report in its â€Å"Financial Summary† section covering the years 2001-2011Read MoreThe Effects of Ifrs on Financial Ratios12681 Words   |  51 PagesCGA-Canada Elena Simonova, MA (Economics), MPA Research and Standards, CGA-Canada About the Authors Michel Blanchette, FCMA, CA is a professor of Accounting with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais. Franà §ois-Éric Racicot is a Professor of Business with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais, and Jean-Yves Girard, CMA, is an Industrial Analysis and Development Officer at Industry Canada, Government of Canada. 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Measurement. b. Revenue recognition. c. Expense recognition. d. Full disclosure. Accounting principles– comprehensive. Constraints. Assumptions, principles, and constraints. 28, 29, 30 10 11 Questions 1, 7 2 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 9, 10, 11 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17Read MoreFinancial Accounting and Reporting12396 Words   |  50 PagesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING Module 9: Basic Theory and Financial Reporting Module 10: Inventory Module 11: Fixed Assets Module 12: Monetary Current Assets and Current Liabilities Module 13: Present Value Module 14: Deferred Taxes Module 15: Stockholders’ Equity Module 16: Investments Module 17: Statement of Cash Flows Module 18: Business Combinations and Consolidations Module 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Module 20: Miscellaneous Module 21: Governmental (StateRead MoreBorland Software Corporation-goodwill and other intangible assets16413 Words   |  66 PagesChapter 02 - Financial Reporting and Analysis Chapter 2 Financial Reporting and Analysis REVIEW Financial statements are the most visible products of a company‘s financial reporting process. The financial reporting process is governed by accounting rules and standards, managerial incentives, and enforcement and monitoring mechanisms. It is important for a user of financial information to understand the financial reporting environment along with the accounting information presented in financialRead MoreFinancial Reporting(Measurement Bases for Financial Accounting-Measurement on Initial Recognition)3071 Words   |  13 PagesMEASUREMENT BASES FOR FINANCIAL ACCOUNTNG-MEASUREMENT ON INITIAL RECOGNITION. BY: NAME: MIR THASEEN ALI MBA INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT GROUP: C STUDENT ID NO: 39231 PRESENTED TO: DR OMER MASOOD. Measurement Bases for Financial Accounting — Measurement on Initial Recognition Contents Pages Introduction Summary Title Background 2.1 Aim 3. Preliminary review of literature 4. Research

Society Should Increase Accessibility And Make...

As the world, becomes increasingly more aware of those with disabilities. There are still struggles for those with disabilities to be a fully participate in society. Many individuals use others that have a disability to isolate them from certain societal functions such as employment and sports. Even though there are Organizations and Associations that advocate for those with disability to get fair treatment, individuals are still facing discrimination. Instead of trying to make society more accessible for those with a disability society is just trying to categorize them as special and make them make their own accommodations in society. When it comes to whether or not society should increase accessibility and make accommodations for disable people two Philosophers Aristotle and John Rawls have two different perspectives on the issue. While, Aristotle argues about the most virtue individual should have the opportunity. Rawls argues about how your identity should not define whether you can be fairly integrated into society. This paper will focus and evaluating both argues on whether society should increase accessibility and make accommodations for disable people. Aristotle, is a philosopher that examines justice and the virtue of a person. Aristotle holds a belief that â€Å" justice consists in giving people what they deserve, and that just society is one that enables human beings to realize their highest nature, to attain the good life.† His perspectives on individuals withShow MoreRelatedQuality Of Being Available For Inclusive Recreation Participation Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesAccessibility refers to the quality of being available when needed. Being able to access different spectrums of facilities or outdoor recreation activities without assistance is self rewarding. The ADA is one of Americas most comprehensive pieces of civil rights that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in leisure activities freely. After completing the various sections of the ADA checklist my positive andRead MoreDisneyland Hong Kong8209 Words   |  33 Pag escountry for theme park industry to develop. ï‚ § Less restriction on the travel regulations for China as having a good relationship between China and Hong Kong can impact on the theme park industry to foreign customers especially the Chinese tourists as it makes up a bigger percentage of customer mix for its attendance (Immigration Department , 2012). ï‚ § The political and legal factors show that the government encourage of establishing theme parks in Asian. Economic ï‚ § Hong Kong has a stable and strong economicRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 PagesHospital amp; clinic * To know about manpower supply capacity and requirement * To know about Morbidity and its rate * To know about Available alternative or traditional medical care system. * To know about health education of mass people * To know about government structure- health system * To know about demographic structure of population * To know about role of different institution in respect of Health Care 1.2 methodology I have planned to perform the task in

In this study, I investigate the affects that runn Essay Example For Students

In this study, I investigate the affects that runn Essay ing has on reducing the risk of some healthproblems. I am doing this because I run about 40 to 60 miles per week, and my family has a history of health problems. For instance, my grandfather suffered a heart attack, and he also hadcancer when he was about the age of 50. Furthermore, my grandfather, on my dads side of thefamily, has also had triple bi-pass heart surgery from a heart attack he has had recently. Here, I present information from some sources that talk about the affects that runninghas on reducing health risks. My sources agree that running, and some other aerobic exercises,reduce the risk of: Diabetes, diverticular disease, heart decease, several types of cancer, andeven common sicknesses like a cold. One source agrees that running reduces the risk of diabetes. Jim Harmon writes, inSports Illustrated, about Bruce Leonard, a marathoner with a masters degree in public health. Bruce Leonard went to study the Zuni Indian tribe. This tribe has had a bad history of diabetesuntil they started to run. Leonard said, After the Zuni tribe started running, many Zuni were ableto reduce or eliminate their diabetes medication.(5) My research also reveled that diverticular disease can be reduced in men that run. Forinstance, Marty Munson and Teresa Yeykal writes in the article Outrun trouble which says, guyswho racked up the most ours doing vigorous exercise reduced their risks of diverticul ar deceaseby a third.(38) They also say its good advice to make your lifestyle to consume high fiber.(38)I found that running can also reduce the risk of heart disease. The article Run for your life talksabout Mitchell H. Whaley, the director of adult physical fitness program at Ball State University. Heanalyzed data collected from a group of men, which included runners. Mitchell Whaley found thatindividuals with low aerobic capacity have a higher risk of developing premature coronary arterydecease that those who were more fit.(47) The article also talks about Martha L. Slattery, Ph.D.,from the University of Utah Medical School. Maria Slattery also found that running is a goodpreventive measure for heart disease. She says, The greatest increase in protection was betweenthose men who were sedentary and those who had some activity.(48)Another source I found says that running can help prevent many types of cancer. In thearticle Running for your life, Doctor Leonard Cohen talks about ho w running helps reduce colon,breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer. Cohen says A growing body of evidence suggestthat physical activity reduces the risk of cancer, particularly colon and breast cancer.(23)Overall, my sources state that even though running isnt a cure, it is definitely apreventive measure for many health problems. They all agree that running can do no harm, andthere are many positive aspects. After doing this research, I am going to continue running or atleast some king of aerobic exercise, hoping that it will prevent me from following in mygrandparents footsteps.